Solar installation – how it works and key things to know

A solar thermal system, also called a solar system, is a solution that makes it possible to use solar energy to heat domestic hot water and (in some layouts) support space heating in a building. At a time of growing environmental awareness and the search for alternative energy sources, more and more people are deciding to install one. Before you make a decision, however, it is worth understanding how such a system works and what to pay attention to before installation. Each solar system consists of several key elements that work together to efficiently convert solar radiation into useful energy. The most important role is played by solar collectors, which absorb energy and pass it on. The heat is then stored in domestic hot water (DHW) cylinders, from where it can be used in the household. An important component of the system is also solar glycol, which is responsible for heat transfer. The system’s operation is controlled by a solar pump station and a solar controller, ensuring optimal performance of the installation. Before installation, it is worth analysing a few key aspects:

1. Location – the better the exposure to the sun, the higher the system’s efficiency.
2. Costs and profitability – cost analysis makes it possible to estimate potential savings and long-term environmental benefits.

It is also worth distinguishing a solar thermal system from photovoltaic systems, which are often confused with it. A solar thermal system is used to produce heat, while photovoltaics convert solar energy directly into electricity. Awareness of these differences makes it easier to choose the solution best suited to individual needs. Investing in a solar thermal system is not only a way to reduce energy bills, but also a step towards a more environmentally friendly lifestyle. It is a solution that benefits both household members and the natural environment.

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How does a solar thermal system work?

A solar thermal system is a modern way of using solar energy to heat domestic hot water and support a building’s heating system. This process involves converting solar radiation into heat, which is possible thanks to the cooperation of several key components. The most important element of the system is solar collectors, installed on a roof or in another well-sunlit location. Their task is to absorb solar energy and convert it into heat. This energy is then transferred to solar glycol – a special fluid that transports heat within the installation. The operation of a solar thermal system takes place in several steps:

1. Energy absorption: Solar collectors absorb solar radiation and convert it into heat.
2. Heat transfer: Heated solar glycol flows through the pipework to the domestic hot water (DHW) cylinder.
3. Energy storage: In the DHW cylinder, the glycol gives up the accumulated heat, heating the water.
4. Regulation and control: The solar pump station and solar controller ensure optimal flow and system efficiency.

Each of these elements performs an important function, ensuring smooth and efficient operation of the installation. Solar collectors absorb energy, solar glycol transfers heat, and the DHW cylinder stores it for later use. In turn, the solar pump station and solar controller guarantee the smoothness and safety of the whole process. A solar thermal system is not only modern, but also an eco-friendly solution. It can significantly reduce heating bills, lower energy consumption and reduce the carbon footprint. It is a step towards a more sustainable lifestyle and long-term savings.

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Key components of a solar thermal system

A solar system is a complex setup in which each component plays a key role in converting solar radiation into useful heat. The most important elements are solar collectors, which are the heart of the entire installation, and domestic hot water (DHW) cylinders, which store the collected energy. An important role is also played by solar glycol, which transfers heat, while the solar pump station and solar controller are responsible for controlling and optimising the energy flow.

Solar collector – the heart of the system

Solar collectors capture energy from solar radiation and convert it into heat. There are two main types:

1. Flat-plate collectors – simple in design and relatively inexpensive, which makes them a popular choice.
2. Evacuated tube collectors – thanks to the use of a vacuum as insulation, they achieve higher efficiency, especially in cooler months.

In both cases, the key role is played by the absorber, which absorbs solar energy and transfers it to the solar glycol. For solar thermal systems, it is worth using appropriate solar thermal heat exchangers, ensuring high operating efficiency of the entire system.

DHW cylinder – storing hot water

A solar cylinder, i.e. a DHW cylinder, stores heated water, ensuring its availability at any time of day. Many models are equipped with two coils, which enables cooperation with other heat sources, such as a heat pump or a gas boiler. The cylinder capacity is crucial – the larger it is, the longer you can use the stored heat without needing to reheat it.

Solar glycol – the heat transfer medium

Solar glycol, also known as solar fluid, is responsible for transferring heat from the collectors to the cylinder. It is a mixture of distilled water and propylene glycol or ethylene glycol, which provides freeze protection and corrosion protection. Thanks to these properties, the installation operates reliably even in extreme weather conditions, protecting the system against damage.

Solar pump station and solar controller – flow control

The efficient operation of the installation is ensured by the solar pump station and solar controller. Their tasks include:

1. Solar pump station – pumps and valves ensure glycol circulation, which is crucial for the system’s efficient operation.
2. Solar controller – monitors the temperature of the collectors and the cylinder, automatically adjusting pump operation to optimise efficiency and minimise energy losses.

Thanks to these elements, the system operates smoothly, supplying heat in the most efficient way.

Installing a solar thermal system – what should you pay attention to?

When deciding on the installation of a solar thermal system, you should take into account several key factors affecting its efficiency and durability. Above all, the appropriate positioning of the collectors is important. The best results are achieved when they have unobstructed access to sunlight. They are usually installed on roofs, but in some cases wall-mounted or ground-mounted systems can work equally well – it all depends on the specifics of the site and the building structure. The positioning of the collectors is also important in terms of: orientation (direction) – the best yields are achieved with a south-facing aspect, but a deviation towards south-east or south-west is still acceptable (usually at the expense of some yield), and tilt (inclination) – in the UK, roof installations most often use the roof pitch, whereas for frame-mounted installations the installer selects the tilt according to local conditions and the hot water consumption profile. It is also essential to avoid shading during the day. You should not forget the quality of the materials and technology used for the installation of a solar thermal system. Robust mounting brackets and corrosion-resistant components guarantee long, trouble-free operation of the system. Professionally carried out installation is an investment that will not only deliver energy savings, but will also contribute to environmental protection. Modern technologies can further increase system efficiency. It is worth considering integrating the system with other renewable energy sources, which will make it possible to maximise its potential and increase energy independence.

Cost and profitability of a solar thermal system

Before deciding on a solar thermal system, it is worth analysing all costs in detail. Expenses can vary significantly depending on the size of the system, the type of collectors, and the specifics of the installation. A conscious approach to these aspects allows you to better estimate the real financial outlay and avoid unforeseen expenses. The cost of installing collectors is influenced primarily by the choice of components. Solar collectors play a key role, and they come in two main variants: flat-plate and evacuated tube. They differ not only in price, but also in efficiency and durability. In addition to the collectors, you should also include the costs of purchasing a DHW cylinder, solar glycol, a solar pump station, and a solar controller – the elements necessary for the system to function properly. Assessing the profitability of solar collectors requires looking at long-term savings. Although the initial outlay may seem high, reducing the costs of heating water means that the investment pays back within a few years. In the UK, various forms of support or financing may be available, but the conditions change over time and it is worth verifying them before making a decision. However, installing a solar thermal system is not only a financial matter, but also a pro-environmental choice. Using solar energy means lower CO2 emissions and a real contribution to protecting the environment. It is a solution that combines savings with care for the future of our planet.

Solar thermal system vs photovoltaics – key differences

Renewable energy sources are growing in popularity, and many people wonder how photovoltaics differs from a solar thermal system. Although both systems use solar energy, their functions and applications are different. Understanding these differences makes it possible to consciously choose the solution best suited to your needs. Photovoltaics converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Photovoltaic panels, built from semiconductor cells – most often silicon – generate electricity under the influence of light. A solar thermal system, on the other hand, is used to obtain heat – solar collectors heat domestic water or support a building’s heating system. Combining both systems in one household makes it possible to maximise the use of solar energy. This allows you to produce both electricity and heat at the same time, which increases energy efficiency and leads to greater savings. This solution works particularly well in single-family homes, where demand for electricity and hot water is high. The choice between a solar thermal system and a photovoltaic system should take individual needs into account. If the priority is to reduce electricity bills, photovoltaics will be the best solution. However, if the main goal is to heat water or support the heating system, a solar thermal system may be the better choice. It is also worth considering climatic conditions and the availability of space for installing panels or collectors. Investing in renewable energy sources is a step towards greater independence and savings. Modern technologies make it possible to optimise energy use in the home even further, increasing comfort and the efficiency of the entire system.

Read more

• Glycol for Solar Systems – Which One to Choose and How to Use It?
• How do solar collectors work? DHW Solar system principle
• How to Connect a Solar Collector to a Water Heater? Practical Tips