Heating installations – design and installation basics

A central heating system is a key element in ensuring thermal comfort in a building. Its correct design and installation require precision and compliance with the applicable technical standards. The design and installation of central heating installations should comply with locally applicable regulations as well as technical norms and standards. These principles determine the efficiency and safety of use. Every central heating system consists of several basic elements: heat distribution pipes, radiators, and supply devices such as boilers or heat pumps. Their appropriate selection is of key importance – it must take into account both users’ needs and the specifics of the building. Only a well-designed system will provide optimum performance and thermal comfort. The choice between a water-based and an air-based installation depends on many factors, including the building’s construction and users’ expectations. Water-based systems are the most commonly used, as they are proven and efficient. However, in some cases, air-based installations may prove to be a better solution, especially in buildings with large, open spaces. Each of these systems has its advantages and limitations, so before making a decision it is worth carefully analysing their application. The design and installation of central heating installations is not only a matter of technology, but also of adapting the system to individual users’ needs and the building’s characteristics. Modern technologies can significantly increase heating efficiency and comfort. It is worth paying attention to innovative solutions that are changing the way we keep our homes warm.

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Plate Heat Exchanger NORDIC Ba-27-40 1 1/4" 230kW

NT Ba-27-40

€219.99

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Plate Heat Exchanger NORDIC Ba-60-40 1 1/4" 440kW

NT Ba-60-40

€399.50

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Plate Heat Exchanger NORDIC Ba-95-50 2" 1250kW

NT Ba-95-50

€879.99

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Types of central heating installations

Choosing the right heating system is crucial for occupants’ comfort and the building’s energy efficiency. We distinguish two main types of installations: water-based and air-based. Each has different characteristics that are worth considering when planning heating. A water-based installation is the most commonly used solution, consisting of a network of pipes, valves and fittings, circulating pumps, and radiators. It can be supplied by various heat sources such as boilers, heat pumps, or solar collectors. Careful design is essential to ensure even heat distribution and high energy efficiency. An air-based installation relies on a system of ducts, supply vents and extract vents, often integrated with mechanical ventilation. It is particularly useful where a fast response to temperature changes and control of air quality are important.

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Plate Heat Exchanger NORDIC Tec Ba-32-90 1" 500kW

EU-NT Ba-32-90

€437.99

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Plate Heat Exchanger NORDIC Ba-95-60 2" 1500kW

Exchanger-BPHE-Ba-95-60

€1,075.00

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Plate Heat Exchanger NORDIC Ba-60-70 1 1/4" 765kW

Heat-Exchanger-60-70-5/4"

€605.00

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One-pipe and two-pipe systems – differences and choice

The choice between a one-pipe system and a two-pipe system affects the efficiency and comfort of using a central heating installation. Each has its advantages and limitations. A one-pipe system is an economical solution in which radiators are connected in series. It reduces installation costs, but at the same time limits the possibility of individual temperature control in specific rooms. This can be a challenge in buildings with varying heating requirements. A two-pipe system provides greater temperature control, because each radiator is connected to separate flow and return pipes. This makes it possible to adjust the temperature precisely in different parts of the building, which translates into greater user comfort. The choice of the right system depends on the building’s specifics, users’ expectations, and the available budget.

Key elements of a central heating installation

In central heating systems, key components affect performance and safety. The most important include the expansion vessel and the circulating pump. The expansion vessel compensates for changes in water volume, preventing pressure surges that could damage the installation. The circulating pump is responsible for forced water flow, which ensures even heat distribution throughout the building. In more advanced installations, a pump group also becomes an essential element, integrating the pump with valves and the safety system, simplifying installation and servicing. Where the heat source is separated from the heating circuit, especially in installations with a heat pump or a solid-fuel boiler, a heat exchanger is used, which protects the system and improves its durability. Thanks to the cooperation of these elements, the system operates stably, guaranteeing optimum thermal comfort.

Radiators and underfloor heating – methods of heat distribution

In central heating, heat can be delivered in two ways: via radiators or underfloor heating. Radiators, available in various variants and outputs, heat rooms quickly, enabling precise temperature control. Underfloor heating works differently – heat spreads gradually through pipes located in the floor, eliminating cold zones and providing even heating. An essential element of such an installation is the underfloor heating manifold, which allows control of the heating medium flow in each loop, ensuring balanced and efficient operation of the entire system. The choice between these solutions depends on users’ preferences, the building’s characteristics, and expectations regarding energy efficiency.

Standards and technical requirements in design and installation

The design and installation of central heating systems must meet specific technical standards that ensure safety, efficiency, and durability of the installation. In practice, standards such as BS EN 12831 and BS EN 14336 are often used, which regulate both the design process and the installation of heating systems. BS EN 12831 defines methods for calculating a building’s heat demand, which makes it possible to match system parameters to users’ actual needs. As a result, the installation operates efficiently, ensuring thermal comfort and optimum energy consumption. BS EN 14336 focuses on the principles of correct installation, acceptance, and commissioning of a heating installation. Compliance supports not only correct operation of the system, but also its durability and safety of use, minimising the risk of failures. These standards also specify requirements concerning material quality and workmanship standards for central heating installations, which directly affects their reliability. In practice, the British editions (BS EN) of the relevant standards are used; before starting a project and acceptance checks, it is worth verifying the current edition and the requirements for the given location and type of installation.

Read more

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• Plate Heat Exchanger – Common Connection Mistakes and How to Avoid Them