Heat Pump Defrost: The Key to Efficient Operation

Winter. Frost, snow, but the heat pump is working - that's when the heat pump defrost process comes into play – a process that ensures continued operation, even when the outside temperature drops well below zero. Without this clever mechanism, the heat pump could face serious performance issues.

Defrost, or de-icing, is the process of removing ice and frost from key components of the device, such as the evaporator. Without regular defrosting, the heat pump starts to behave like a frozen car in a parking lot – it loses power, and in extreme cases, serious damage can occur. It's worth understanding how this mechanism works and why it is so crucial for the heat pump.

How does defrost work in modern heat pumps?

Technology is constantly evolving. In the context of defrosting, modern heat pumps are equipped with:

• Smart sensors – monitor the operating conditions of the device and detect when defrosting is necessary.

• Advanced algorithms – automatically manage the defrost process, minimizing the time and energy required for defrosting.

The result? The device operates more efficiently, consumes less energy, and has a longer lifespan. It's a win-win situation – you save money, and the manufacturer gains a reputation for reliability and high efficiency, even in sub-zero temperatures. In our climate, optimizing the defrost process to make it as efficient, reliable, and energy-saving as possible is essential, and this is the direction in which heat pump technology is heading.

What is heat pump defrost?

Heat pump defrost is the process of de-icing the evaporator – removing accumulated ice and frost, allowing the device to operate smoothly even on the coldest days. Imagine a layer of ice covering the key components of the heat pump – without this mechanism, its operation would be significantly hindered (and even dangerous for the device itself). Defrosting ensures the efficiency and durability of the device, making it an indispensable part of any heating system based on heat pumps. Without this process, heating efficiency could drastically drop. Moreover, defrosting ensures the safety of the heat pump. Disruption or lack of defrosting (e.g., due to a prolonged power outage) during severe winter conditions could lead to freezing of the heat pump components and their damage.

Definition and importance of the defrost process

Frost formation is a natural phenomenon – a layer of frost forms on the heat pump's evaporator. It occurs due to the combination of low temperatures and high humidity. This layer acts as a barrier, hindering heat exchange. Defrost is the process that removes the frost, restoring the heat pump's full functionality. This allows the device to effectively heat the premises, even when there is a harsh winter outside.

Why is defrost essential in air-to-water heat pumps?

Air-to-water heat pumps, which use external air as a heat source, are particularly prone to frost formation. On freezing days, regular defrosting becomes absolutely necessary for the device to function. Without defrosting, the layer of ice on the evaporator could not only reduce efficiency but also increase energy consumption. Regular defrosting is also key to optimal electricity consumption – without it, the heat pump's energy consumption could drastically increase (which we would certainly notice when the electricity bill arrives).

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How does the defrost process work?

The defrost process involves temporarily reversing the refrigeration cycle, which allows the evaporator to be heated and the accumulated ice to be removed, enabling the heat pump to operate without interruptions, even in extremely low temperatures. The mechanism is similar to the main heat pump operation mechanism – but in reverse. Of course, this process should occur automatically, as one of the advantages of heat pumps is their maintenance-free operation.

Mechanism of reversing the refrigeration cycle

During the defrost cycle, the heat pump changes the direction of the refrigerant flow. Normally, the refrigerant inside the heat pump absorbs heat from the surroundings and transfers it to the building's interior. However, during defrost, this direction is reversed, allowing the evaporator to be heated. As a result, even in poor external conditions, the ice and frost melt relatively quickly, restoring the system's full efficiency. The heat pump can return to standard operation.

Without this process, the heat pump could operate less efficiently or even become damaged (especially in the case of monobloc heat pumps). Defrost is a key element ensuring both safety and efficiency.

The role of ice sensors in automatic defrost

To make the process automatic and maintenance-free, modern heat pumps are equipped with advanced ice sensors, which support the automatic defrost process. These intelligent devices:

• Monitor the level of ice formation on the evaporator in real-time.

• Initiate defrosting only when necessary (an energy-saving optimization mechanism).

• Ensure energy savings and lower electricity bills.

• Also eco-friendly ♻️ – Reduce energy consumption, which limits CO2 emissions.

Automatic defrost is a significant advantage – today it is practically a standard, and you don't need to worry about it, with a few exceptions.

Manual defrost – is it necessary and when?

Although automatic defrost systems are very effective, there are situations where manual defrosting is necessary.
✅ This may be required in cases such as:

• Failure of the system's automation (no device is completely failure-free).

• Exceptionally heavy ice formation that exceeds the system's capabilities.

In such situations, the user must turn off the heat pump, halt its natural operation that causes ice formation, and not turn it back on until the system has thawed.
Although manual defrosting is inconvenient, it prevents serious damage to the device, which could lead to costly repairs. It's a last resort but sometimes necessary to protect the equipment and ensure its longevity. A heating failure in the middle of winter is not a pleasant prospect.

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Problems related to frost and ice formation

Frost formation on heat pumps – one of the issues that can keep heat pump owners awake at night. Ice formation, which is a more advanced and dangerous form of frost, can lead to damage. A thick layer of ice blocks the airflow through the evaporator. The only solution to prevent this phenomenon is the defrost process. It is the true guardian of the device's efficiency.

How does frost and ice form on the evaporator?

Frost formation on the heat pump's evaporator is the result of low temperatures combined with humidity (which is higher in cold air). Under these conditions, water vapor condenses and then freezes on the evaporator's surface. The problem is ready.

Symmetrical vs. asymmetrical frost formation – what do they mean?

Symmetrical and asymmetrical frost formation – a distinction that may seem unnecessary at first glance. However, if you use a heat pump, it's worth being able to draw conclusions about potential failures by observing its operation:

• Symmetrical frost formation: The evaporator is evenly covered with frost. This is a good sign! It indicates efficient heat exchange and uniform refrigerant flow. This is how it should be.

• Asymmetrical frost formation: ‼️This is a warning sign. It may indicate problems – disruptions in airflow or refrigerant flow. In such cases, it is necessary to quickly identify and address the cause. Consultation with a specialist is recommended.

Consequences of improper defrosting

Lack of regular defrosting is a recipe for trouble. An underheated home, high electricity consumption, or a complete halt in the heat pump's operation are not the worst that can happen. In the worst-case scenario, especially with monobloc units, ice formation can damage key components of the heat pump. This means costly repairs or – even worse – the need to replace the entire unit. The losses can be, as they say, "like in a mine." Regular and careful defrosting is an absolute necessity.

Power failure – the defrost problem in monobloc heat pumps

If you live in regions where prolonged power outages may occur – for example, in mountainous areas – power outages are a serious problem for heat pumps in winter. Particularly vulnerable and more painful in terms of the consequences of the inability to perform defrost are monobloc heat pumps. The reason is their design, which places a significant part of the system outside. A power outage causes the system to freeze, potentially leading to damage to the heat pump. Therefore, if the risk of prolonged power outages is real in your region, it is worth considering additional protection for monobloc heat pumps against the lack of defrosting.

Protecting monobloc heat pumps from power failure and lack of defrost

In such situations, glycol (a non-freezing liquid) should be used to fill the heat pump's circuit, and the circuit should be separated from the home's installation (which will contain water) using a plate heat exchanger for the heat pump. The heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat from the heat pump circuit to the home – while keeping the heat pump protected from freezing. The consequences of a power outage and lack of defrosting will be limited to minor inconveniences, and the system itself will remain safe.

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Most people do not believe that such power supply problems could occur in their region. However, in times of increased war risk, it may be worth considering this, as the active and deliberate destruction of energy networks and infrastructure in Ukraine shows the direction of potential conflict in Europe.

Regardless of whether such a risk is real and to what extent – some manufacturers of monobloc heat pumps require filling them with glycol and separating them with a plate heat exchanger – to maintain the warranty. The downside of this solution is certainly the increased investment cost due to the heat exchanger, but at the moment, this is the only solution that provides 100% protection for monobloc units.

• ☑️✅ BLOG: Which plate heat exchanger for a monobloc heat pump?

Components supporting the defrost process

Modern heat pump systems are equipped with various components that support the defrost process – because the reliability of the system depends on it. Key elements such as drip trays and heating cables – prevent the freezing of water generated during defrosting, ensuring continuous operation. But there are more components.

Heat buffer and water volume – crucial support in defrosting

In heat pump systems, the heat buffer and water volume play a key role in the defrosting process. Here are their main functions:

• Heat buffer: A tank that increases the thermal capacity of the installation, storing additional heat. This heat is used to effectively remove frost and ice from the evaporator. This is why heat pumps require a certain volume of water in the installation to remain safe.

• Water volume: The minimum amount of water in the installation that ensures sufficient medium for heat exchange.

Electric heater – indispensable in extreme conditions

In extremely low temperatures, when the heat from the installation is insufficient for defrosting, the electric heater becomes crucial. Its main task is obvious – to provide the missing heat. However, for obvious reasons, this comes at a cost.

Frequency and duration of defrost

Defrost frequency depends on several factors, such as weather conditions and the heat pump's settings.

In cold and humid climates, frost accumulates faster, requiring more frequent defrosts. In warmer, drier conditions, the process is less frequent, leading to better energy efficiency. It's no secret that climates like southern France or central Italy are better for heat pump efficiency than northern Europe. Modern heat pumps equipped with intelligent control systems automatically adjust the defrost frequency to current conditions, saving energy and increasing system efficiency.

Defrost frequency also affects the SCOP (Seasonal Coefficient of Performance), which measures the heat pump's efficiency throughout the year. More frequent defrost cycles can lower this coefficient, leading to higher operating costs. The direction of heat pump technology development, as mentioned earlier, is focused on optimizing this aspect.

How long does defrost take?

✅☑️ A typical defrost cycle lasts from a few to several minutes. This is enough time to remove ice and frost from the evaporator, even in harsh conditions. However, the duration of the cycle may vary depending on the heat pump model and operating conditions. In cold and humid climates, where ice forms faster, the defrost cycle may be longer to effectively remove ice. In warmer, drier conditions, the defrost duration is shorter. Modern heat pumps automatically adjust the defrost duration to current conditions.

Efficiency and costs of defrost

Efficiency and costs associated with the defrost process are another concern. Although defrost is an essential process, it can significantly lower the SCOP (Seasonal Coefficient of Performance). It's important to understand how this process affects operating parameters. Each defrost cycle involves additional energy costs and a pause in the heat production process. This must then be compensated for, leading to higher electricity bills.

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